同性愛に対する一三の「治療」例

昨日に引き続き、「性的マイノリティの基礎知識」より。

性的マイノリティの基礎知識

122〜123Pに、これまで試された同性愛治療理論13のリスト。
もともとは「Out in All Directions: Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America」という本（「性的マイノリティの基礎知識」では「Out in All Directions: A Gay and Lesbian Almanac」と微妙に間違ったタイトルになぜかなっているが）にDon Romesburgが書いた、Thirteen Theories to "Cure" Homosexualityよりのもの。

Out In All Directions: The Almanac Of Gay And Lesbian America

＞同性愛に対する一三の「治療」例

＞売春療法

＞結婚療法

＞焼灼療法
＞一〇日ごとに「首筋および背中の下と腰の部分を焼灼すること」

＞去勢あるいは卵巣摘出

＞貞操

＞催眠

＞嫌悪療法
＞しばしば電気ショックが用いられた。

＞精神分析

＞放射線治療
＞X線治療は、先天的な活動過多症により引き起こされた無差別なホモセクシュアル衝動を緩和すると信じられた。

＞ホルモン療法
＞ステロイド治療が「ブッチ」（男役のレズビアン）および「フェム」（女役のレズビアン）に施された。

＞ロボトミー
＞アメリカ合衆国では一九五〇年代まで行われていた。

＞精神・宗教的な療法

＞美容療法
＞あらゆる「ブッチ」に必要なのは、美容のスタイリストによる申し分のないイメージチェンジである、とした（ただし男性ホモセクシュアルには無効）。

引用以上

オリジナルの英文を発見。

ホルモン療法の説明文、「女役のレズビアンに女性ホルモンを投与してもますます女性らしくなるだけでは?」と疑問に盛っていたら、日本語訳がおかしいことに気がつく。
もとの英文は
＞Hormone Therapy (mid twentieth century): If homosexual men are too effeminate and lesbians are too masculine, steroid treatments would theoretically butch up the boys and femme out the girls. Prolonged use also had effects such as sterility and cancer.
なので、
女性っぽい男性同性愛者に男性ホルモンを投与して、男らしくし、男性っぽい女性同性愛者に女性ホルモンを投与して、女性らしくする、という理屈のようだ。
それならいかにも考えそうなことだ。

あと「焼灼」というのも、えらいおっかないことするなあ、と思い、英文を見ると「Cauterization」とは「お灸をする」という意味だった。
首と背中にお灸をする、というなら、ありえないこともない。

興味深い文献なので、暇を見て、いずれ全文翻訳してみよう。

以下英文全文貼り付け。
＞
Thirteen Theories to "Cure" Homosexuality
by Don Romesburg
from Out in All Directions: An Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America

Since the late nineteenth century doctors and religious leaders have been attempting to cure the desire for same-sex intimacy. The desire to "cure" homosexuality comes from societal discomfort with same-sex love rather than from any real pathology on the part of lesbians and gay men. Despite claims to the contrary, none of these "cures" work.

Prostitution Therapy (late nineteenth century): Through sex with prostitutes, "inverted men" would experience co-gender sexual desire. Famous sexologist Havelock Ellis noted that "the treatment was usually interrupted by continual backsliding to homosexual practices, and sometimes this cure involved a venereal disorder."

Marriage Therapy (late nineteenth century): When presented with the option of courting and marriage, the "deviant" would naturally go "straight." Dr. William Hammond, a New York medical researcher, prescribed a gay man "continuous association with virtuous women, and severe study of abstract studies (like math)."

Cauterization (late nineteenth century): Dr. Hammond also suggested that homosexual patients be "cauterized [at] the nape of the neck and the lower dorsal and lumbar regions" every ten days.

Castration/Ovary Removal (late nineteenth century): In a pre-Hitler world, the medical community did not consider castration particularly horrific. Aside from believing that removal of the testes would eliminate the sexual drive of the homosexual, many doctors also thought homosexuality to be hereditary.

Chastity (late nineteenth century): If homosexuality could not be cured, then homosexuals had no moral choice but to remain chaste. Catholic doctor Marc-Andre Raffalovich confessed that "the tendencies of our time, particularly the prevalent contempt for religion, make chastity more difficult for everyone."

Hypnosis (late nineteenth/early twentieth century): New Hampshire doctor John D. Quackenbos claimed that "unnatural passions for persons of the same sex"--like nymphomania, masturbation, and "gross impurity"--could be cured through hypnosis.

Aversion Therapy (early to mid twentieth century): Reward heterosexual arousal and punish homosexual attraction, often through electric shock. In 1935, New York University's Dr. Louis Max said of a homosexual male patient that "intensities [of shock] considerably higher than those usually employed on human subjects definitely diminished the value of the stimulus for days after each experimental period."

Psychoanalysis (early to mid twentieth century): With Freud came a whole new discussion of possible cures through a psychoanalytic approach. In the 1950s, Edmund Berger, M.D., spoke of homosexuality as a kind of "psychic masochism" in which the unconscious sets a person on a course of self-destruction. Find the cause, such as resentment toward a domineering mother, and you find the cure.

Radiation Treatment (early to mid twentieth century): X-ray treatments were believed to reduce levels of promiscuous homosexual urges brought on by glandular hyperactivity. In 1933, New York doctor La Forest Potter lamented Oscar Wilde's being born too soon, because if he were still alive, "we could [have] subjected the overactive thymus to X-ray radiation, atrophied the gland, and suppressed the overactivity of its function."

Hormone Therapy (mid twentieth century): If homosexual men are too effeminate and lesbians are too masculine, steroid treatments would theoretically butch up the boys and femme out the girls. Prolonged use also had effects such as sterility and cancer.

Lobotomy (mid twentieth century): By cutting nerve fibers in the front of the brain, homosexual drives (indeed, most sexual and even emotional reaction capabilities) were eliminated. Lobotomies for homosexuality were performed until the 1950s in the U.S.

Psycho-Religious Therapy (mid twentieth century): Religious doctors and therapists combined religious teachings with psychoanalysis to inspire heterosexuality. Man on a Pendulum (1955) written by rabbi/psychoanalyst Israel Gerber, is the "true story" of such a treatment.

Beauty Therapy (mid twentieth century): All a butch lesbian needs is a good make-over. In Is Homosexuality a Menace? (1957), Dr. Arthur Guy Matthew tells of how he cured a lesbian by getting her hair "professionally coiffured," teaching her to apply cosmetics--"which she had never used in her life"--and hiring "a fashion expert (not a male homosexual) who selected the most elegant feminine styles for her to bring out the charm and beauty in her body."
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